each name from another and each person from another. Indeed, were it not for the names, no one would be distinguished from another, nor one thing from another, in the world of the heaven and the world of the earth, including all creeping things, insects, and plants. And among the names that He (Exalted is He) applied to those celestial ranks were these sweet-smelling fragrances, so that these earthly names may be a cause for remembering the Celestial Persons. Therefore, it is incumbent upon every knowing believer (ʿārif), when touching any of those fragrances—meaning the pleasant scents—to recognize the name of the Luminous Person represented by it through praying upon them, so that this may serve as a connection (ṣila) between him and his Master.

Know, O brothers, that:

The Rose (al-Ward) represents the person of Lord Muhammad (PBUH).

The Violet (al-Banafshaj) is al-Hasan.

The Narcissus (al-Narjis) is al-Husayn.

The Jasmine (al-Yasmīn) is the Gate (al-Bāb).

The Sweetbrier (al-Nasrīn) is al-Miqdād.

The Wallflower (al-Manthūr) is Abū Dharr.

The Water Lily (al-Nawfar) is Abdullah ibn Rawāḥa.